“I love
when people underestimate me and then become pleasantly surprised”[1]
How are representations constructed in reality T.V shows like ‘Keeping
Up With The Kardashians’?
Reality T.V covers a variety
of different types of genres, and can be covered in different ways. It has a
mass appeal[2] and it’s a genre where
individuals place themselves on public display[3],
in a natural manner, and 75% of those surveyed believe that reality T.V is
“mostly real and unscripted”[4]
and for the past several years’ reality television has dominated mainstream
television programming, providing relatively inexpensive entertainment.[5]
Reality T.V has become a success due to the ‘increasing voyeuristic nature of
the society’[6] in which we live in, and
due to the obsession with celebrities and everyone wanting to be one. ‘Reality
T.V has been emerging onto the market with the speedy growth’[7],
and it holds a firm ground of being one of the most popular genres in today’s
world. This is because it has generated a lot of money. ‘The income has been
generated through various different types of shows’[8]
and the mass audience of reality T.V are people who enjoy listening to gossip
and peeking into the lives of others.
Reality television appears to
have taken over our TV schedules. From the monstrous Big Brother the genre
spawned many hybrids and sub-genres. There are many serious documentaries on
BBC4 and Channel 4[9] such as “Wife Swap”[10],
most of the nation seems to choose the ‘reality’ option. ‘The Dutch company
behind Big Brother[11]
is announcing record profits and moving into ever more controversial
programming’[12]. There are family
orientated shows on E! Like “Keeping Up With The Kardashian” which reveals the
day to day lifestyle of 5 sisters and their parents and brother. ‘Reality T.V
is one of the most watched T.V as of the involvement of several different
people, according to the statistical ratings’. [13]
This shows that it is very popular and on demand. Furthermore, as the audience
we see the effort the Kardashians have put in to becoming successful. Kim
Kardashian has expressed herself of how she feels when she isn’t working as: “I
feel lazy when I’m not working.”[14]
This implies she has created a habit to work, and has been maintaining it, and
suggests she is represented as a good role model.
The reality T.V show Keeping
Up With The Kardashians has positive impacts on the audience, as the
accomplishments they’ve got through their career line, from how the family’s
grown together as one. The positive aspects are shown through the clothing lines
they have of: ‘Jenner Collections’[15],
‘Kardashian Kollection’[16].
The journey of their success
began when the Kardashian sisters first opened their first DASH store in ‘Miami
on 21st May 2009’[17].
Khloe Kardashian had said “it was a MAJOR success if I do say so myself”[18]
her clothing for this was high class, this shows how she felt about it, this
store was one of the reasons for them to open more stores worldwide and merging
with other clothing shops such as ‘Dorothy Perkins’[19]
and ‘Lipsy’[20]. Kim Kardashian the ‘entrepreneur’[21]
said “I was involved in everything from the scent to the bottles”[22]
this was her talking about the launch of her two perfumes “true reflection” and
“Glam” this allowed her to have a direct correlation with the audience. Blumer
and katz theory of Uses of Gratifications links in with ‘Keeping Up With The
Kardashians’, of ‘Diversion, Personal Relationship, Personal Identity and
Surveillance’[23]. Escapism links in with the show, through the
power it holds of aiding you to fail to recall anxieties of the day when you
can see the Kardashians having a much worse day than you have had. The
performance held through the identification with actors such as Kim, Khloe or
Kourtney, with sociability and their attitudes and behaviour could allow the
audience to make direct relations. There could be relations made of personal
identity as audiences may relate to some attitudes the actors hold, or
comparisons could be held between them as an audience and the actors.
Furthermore, the episode when
the new store Kardashian Kaos store was opening in Las Vegas, the family had an
opening ceremony. There was a point of view shot from Kim’s perspective when
they’re opening one of their new stores, which allows the audience to see what
Kim is seeing[24]. Furthermore, the clothing
Kim is wearing is a leopard print playsuit, from her own design label, as she
was promoting it she wants to encourage her fan base to buy it The use of the diegetic sound of the public
screaming and shouting “Hi Kim” automatically gives away how the atmosphere is.
The camera then pans on and shows the audience, there are several pictures been
taken of the family together, which connotes happiness and success. This shows
how prosperous the Kardashians are, and their relationship still seems to remains
strong, as they are able to open the store as a happy family.
Also, the project dubbed “we
live in public” has caused a lot of stress as the man who is compelled to live
every minute of his life among others and whose every need, thought, desire,
fancy or gratification is subject to public scrutiny, has been deprived of his
individuality and human dignity.[25]
The couple found that their relationship could not thrive without privacy[26].
Similarly, Kim Kardashian vowed to be more private following
the birth of her first child and since the arrival of daughter North,
the reality TV star has been keeping a low profile.[27] Kayne
says "Well, I just don't want to talk to America
about my family. Like, this is my baby. This isn't America's baby,"
this is what he told the New York Times magazine earlier this
year.[28] However, Kim still contacts
the paparazzi and there have been many articles which say that "Kim isn’t
going to ever stop secretly texting the paparazzi or the people she knows that
can help her stay famous.”[29]
This shows how Kim is going against Kanye just for her fame
‘Reality T.V has faced
significant criticism since its rise in popularity’[30].
There is a lot of negativity about the Kardashians. The media
demonises, the youth and has left an imprint on today’s society. The young
adults look up to celebrities and idolising them, as they are so irresistible[31],
due to them being lead such different lives[32],
and having the ability to buy whatever they want[33],
alongside the glamorous life they live[34].
Audiences see them as “rich, glamorous, posh and chic” these are all
stereotypes of celebrities.
The media reports stories to
do with celebrities on a regular basis, in order to keep audiences informed and
entertained. Kim sex tape was a huge event which the media reporters captured,
they done this through all platforms of broadcasting through radio, through the
use of e-media of the internet, and print it onto newspapers and magazines. There are articles saying “Kim Kardashian achieved her peak of fame after she made
a sex tape with R&B singer Ray J that magically got off of a camera, onto a
computer, and published to the internet without either of them realizing.”[35] This caused moral panic,
which Stanley Cohen said it was the thought of having to worry about ‘values
and thoughts of the society’[36]. This would’ve raised
public perception of the possible ‘threat to societal values and interests’[37]. In this case as the
media exaggerated the story of Kim’s sex tape, and it being leaked publically,
which lead to the public becoming scared, because of the actions Kim had took,
which was different perspective of hers, which her fan base wouldn’t have
expected. This meant young adults stopped looking at Kim in an idolised manner,
which reduced her fan base. Also, Mimi Faust made a sex tape, and was compared
to Kim Kardashians as "While other skin colors can often be free with
their sexuality, sans explanation, the sexual freedom enjoyed by black women is
met with judgment and, in turn, leaves us feeling obligated to justify our own
sexuality."[38]
Also, TheRoot.com's Luvvie puts it more bluntly: "The Kim Kardashian Model
won't work for you if you're a black woman. It just will not. We are not
afforded the same expansive boundaries of sexual expression."[39]
Indicating Kim’s sex tape was one of a kind, and nobody else could produce the
same amount of quality. Of course, Kardashian's sex tape with R&B-wannabe
Ray J was also pretty tame in comparison. No set changes from the bedroom to
the bathroom. No shower-rod stunts. Kardashian's also didn't appear to be
premeditated porn, if you will, featuring the kind of high-quality production
techniques (lighting, multiple camera angles) that make it hard to feign
innocence afterward.[40]
The comparison between a black women’s sex tape to a white women’s has been
taken to an extreme, as they both were very different to each-others.
Furthermore, when Kim decided to do playboy, she created
negative representations of herself. The episode of when Kim done playboy she
wore red, which represents her to be devil-like, daring and lovable.
Furthermore, this could be interpreted sexually, as of her body language and
gesture. The encouraging dialogue the photographer uses of “very nice” and
“that’s good”[41] initially suggests she’s
doing a good job, and would led to her doing more with the motivation she’s
receiving. This shoot led to Kim’s fan
base increasing, due to the male gaze, which was Mulvey’s theory, Kim is there
to be looked at, as women are typically the objects, rather than the
possessors, of gaze because the control of the camera.[42]
Furthermore, the front cover
of Zoo magazine, 26 May edition[43], sexualises Kim
Kardashian; the readers are drawn in through the expensive rich lingerie she is
wearing of red and black, which are elegant colours. The colours speak for
themselves, and there are two headings which say “HOT 101 WINNER” Kim is being
referred as the “hottest woman in the world”. The use of ranking, rating and
judging a women on their appearance, automatically objectifies and degrades
women’s standings[44]. Women are used for male
sexual pleasure; this puts the female value down, and implies they have no
standing, as men are always controlling women.
This initially goes against
what the Kardashians believe, they believe they’ve become where they are due to
the management skills of “mom” Kris Jenner[45]. Kim Kardashian has been said as if
“she acts as if
she's a role model for young girls dealing with body issues, when she has a
model's body.”[46]
The negativity produced by the reporters about Kim is horrendous; articles are
manipulating Kim, against her audience. Furthermore, there is an article upon
how Kim Kardashian has become a threat to western civilisation, giving her
another bad name in society. As the head of a girl’s private school won praise
for her attack on the west’s obsession with celebrity.[47]
The executive producer of the series, Ryan Seacrest, said
that rooting from the background of the family, the series will show a family
that "truly loves and supports one another"[48]. This could suggest it will all be planned
out, and putting on an act of a loving family just to show their audience, the
dream world they want to live for. The family has become successful Hollywood
entertainers through the dynamics and building up of the family as one. Keeping
up with the Kardashians isn’t scripted[49]
at all, but isn’t a real life representation.[50]
As the family is aware of the success they’ve been making and how they’ve been
entertaining people worldwide. On April 2012, a new 3 year deal was signed with
the Kardashian family, for continuing the series until 2015. This shows how
successful they’ve become, as they were able to sign a contract deal for 3
years beforehand, it shows the progress they’ve been able to make, since they
first started the family business on E! In the year 2007[51]
It is said that “Art today has
totally penetrated reality” by Baudrillard[52],
which suggests that the boundary between popular culture and reality has all
completely gone. This is because they have broken into the universal
simulacrum, into four steps which are: “it is the reflection of a basic
reality, it masks and perverts a basic reality, it marks the absence of a basic
reality and it bears no relation to any reality whatever” this has led to
differences being held between ‘real life’ and the media representations being
erased. Hyper-reality, breeds with each
other without reference to reality or meaning[53].
Furthermore, in terms of postmodernism, the characters in reality T.V aren’t
real; they’re not facing real life situations, as it is all planned out this is
shown through the series of Big Brother, when Jason came out, he was
interviewed by Closer magazine. In which he argued that we weren’t seeing the
real Jason[54],
it was all a manipulative version, implying everyone was putting on an act.
This suggests reality T.V is a sense of putting on a mask and becoming someone
you’re not, just to entertain others. Furthermore, it could be said through
reality T.V dependant on what type of show it is, a fly-on-the-wall or
documentary, you could act differently. It could be argued that people
generally in everyday life act differently around different people, so
depending on who you are with you act in a different way, so they are
themselves, but may not come across as if they are.
Media representations of gender
has a big impact on society, as they enter the collective social conscience and
reinforce culturally hegemonic views based upon gender[55],
which represent males as dominant and stereotype them as being masculine and
female’s lower and holding stereotypes of having limited forms of behaviour.
Kim Kardashian is dominating within the series, as she always gets her way
around everyone, which goes against the media representation and stereotyping
of women. Furthermore, feminism started in 1960’s, which consisted of free love
which helped escape the sexual double standards which were set, divorce had
become a commonplace, and women were known to be “happy housewives”. This links
makes straight links with Kim Kardashian due to her having had several
divorces, and the programme goes against it as Kim has her own career of the
clothing line so she isn’t a typical happy housewife. Moreover, liberal
feminism have direct relation to the reality T.V show ‘Keeping Up With The
Kardashians’ as they believe all people are created equally and shouldn’t be
denied equality of opportunity because of their gender. The females all work
within the Kardashian family, not only the men. However, Marxist feminism argues
that females give birth and males must provide for their families. The
Kardashians don’t fit into this that well as, Kourtney Kardashian gave birth to
Mason, and Scott didn’t have a job to provide for Mason, and a lot of hassle
and chaos was caused throughout this series.
Many Reality T.V shows include
voice-overs so the audience is aware of what is happening if they don’t fully
understand through the actions, movement or speech. Big Brother includes
voiceovers, in a form of ‘narration’[56],
to tell the housemates what tasks they have to do, or even to call someone to
the diary room. What these different documentary styles share is a
political concern, differently informed by socio-cultural context, to depict
the lives of ‘ordinary’ people[57]. However, Keeping up with the Kardashian doesn’t include any type of
voice-overs or music, which makes it more realistic as a fly-on-the-wall
documentary about their lifestyles. However, there are various different angles
in Keeping Up With The Kardashians, which keep the audience intrigued, and
directly penetrate into the viewer’s minds, which covers the theory of the
hypodermic needle, as it remains injected into their heads.
Historically, ‘An America Family’
is similar to ‘Keeping Up With The Kardashians’ this was an American television
documentary which was filmed from May 30th through December 31, 1971
and ‘first aired in 1973’[58].
The series started off with an establishing shot of the building of where the
actors lived[59],
which is how ‘Keeping Up With The Kardashians’ starts off. Both shows are
family shows and are about the family lifestyle on a day to day basis.
The economic recession hits
reality TV,[60]
which has had a negative impact on the Kardashians. As reality television has
long trafficked in the guilty pleasures of conspicuous consumption. But while
staples like Keeping Up With The Kardashians and Bravo’s indefatigable Real
Housewives franchise continue to chronicle the adventures of the rich and
profligate, the new spirit of austerity sweeping the nation is forcing the
wealth-obsessed genre to adapt.[61]
This is similar to Rupert Murdoch’s theory as he said “the world is changing,
newspapers need to adapt”[62]
this is due to the vast amount of demand in new technological items, which have
all be developed. Similarly, the wealth-obsessed genre need to adapt and find
new methods to fit in. The society would be required to learn how to accept and
adapt onto the presentation of the shows.
Open Salon, published a satirical
piece of Kim Kardashian running for mayor. Salon’s headline read, “Kim Kardashian for
Mayor!” The article is satire filled with fiction, but collides nicely with
facts. The witty remarks meant to critisize, may instead give a reason for
those fed up with political games to consider voting for Kardashian[63].
Also, Kim had said “I like both the Democratic and
Republican Parties. In fact, I like any party involving a lot of rich people.”[64] Showing she has some interest in politics,
and she is really all about the money, and it automatically shows she likes
rich people. Kim for President might be the next political slogan from the
Kardashian family.[65] This would be a major change for the family in
terms of business, and as Kim isn’t underestimated in real life; as she is the
daughter of a famous lawyer as well as the stepdaughter of a famous Olympic
champion.[66] It would be easier for her to run as a
president, due to the power of authority her family holds.
In conclusion, there are diverse
representations of each family members, this is reinforced by stereotypes as
the hegemonic control. Even though there are many positive outlooks from the
reality TV show such as the fame. It is difficult for the audience to
differentiate between what is fake and what is real. Kim has changed herself
since she has settled with Kanye, and she has been on a low profile[67]
the audience aren’t seeing much of Kim since the birth of North, suggesting it
is all planned. The negatives overtake the positives as there are many stories
which have led to the Kardashians having this lifestyle, as the media have been
setting these accusations and creating assumptions of stories, just to dumb
down the society. Furthermore, a study shows that girls who regularly watch T.V
accepted and expected[68]
this is usually causes a higher level of drama, aggression and bullying within
their own lives, they also may become stressed or depressed, which could lead
to them neglecting what’s important in their lives such as studying.
Representations are construed through the way the series is shot, and how the
problems all arise one after the other. Also, through the actions of the
celebrities and the way they present themselves, and how the media views it.
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"Keeping It Real: Black Women & Reality TV |
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[1] http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/k/kimkardash462842.html
[2]
Hill, A. (2005) PG 2
[3] Papacharissi, Zizi, and Andrew L. Mendelson.
(2007) VOL 51 PG – 335-370
[4]
http://www.dailyherald.com/article/20111103/news/711039954/
[5] Ibid
[6]
http://www.englishandmedia.co.uk/mm/subscribers/downloads/archive_mm/mmagpast/RealityTV.html
[7]
Reality TV Statistics -
http://www.jobmonkey.com/realitytv/reality-tv-statistics.html
[8]
Ask Jeeves (Internet) http://uk.ask.com/question/why-is-reality-tv-so-popular
[9] http://www.channel4.com/
[10] http://www.channel4.com/programmes/wife-swap
[11] http://www.channel5.com/bigbrother
[12]http://www.englishandmedia.co.uk/mm/subscribers/downloads/archive_mm/mmagpast/mm22_reality.html
[13] Ibid (Ask Jeeves)
http://uk.ask.com/question/why-is-reality-tv-so-popular
[15]
http://kendallandkylie.celebuzz.com/
[16]
http://www.lipsy.co.uk/Kardashians/lookbook
[17]
http://khloekardashian.celebuzz.com/the_opening_of_dash_miami_woohooo-05-2009
[18] Ibid
[19]
http://www.dorothyperkins.com/en/dpuk/category/kardashian-kollection-203516/home?geoip=noredirect
[20] Ibid http://www.lipsy.co.uk/kardashians/lookbook
[23]
http://www.englishandmedia.co.uk/mm/subscribers/downloads/archive_mm/mmagpast/RealityTV.html
[24] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abShr_KG6Cs
[25]
Wyatt W and Bunton K (2012) PG 53
[26] Ibid
[27] http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/126674/Kim-Kardashian-Refusing-To-End-Relationship-With-Paparazzi-Despite-Kanye-Wests-Hatred
[28] Ibid
[29] Ibid
[30] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television
[31] http://www.deborahkingcenter.com/resources/celebrities/
[32] Ibid
[33] Ibid
[34] Ibid
[35] http://www.change.org/petitions/e-entertainment-keeping-up-with-the-kardashians-kim-kardashian-cancel-the-kardashian-media-franchise
[36] http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Students/hrb9701.html
[37] Ibid
[38] http://clatl.com/freshloaf/archives/2014/04/18/on-sex-tapes-shower-rods-and-porns-racial-politics?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+clatl%2Fnews+(Creative+Loafing+Atlanta%3A+News+%26+Views)
[39] Ibid
[40] Ibid
[41] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CC-XCpvV_V8
[42] http://finallyfeminism101.wordpress.com/2007/08/26/faq-what-is-the-%E2%80%9Cmale-gaze%E2%80%9D/
[43] http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jun/22/zoo-kim-kardashian-cover-wrong
[44] Ibid
[45] http://personalexcellence.co/blog/kardashians/
[46] http://www.change.org/petitions/e-entertainment-keeping-up-with-the-kardashians-kim-kardashian-cancel-the-kardashian-media-franchise
[47] http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/jun/23/kim-kardashian-threat-western-civilisation
[48] http://list25.com/25-reality-tv-shows-that-are-far-from-reality/
[49] Ibid
[50] Ibid
[51] http://www.people.com/people/kim_kardashian/biography/0,,20185121,00.html
[52] http://www.englishandmedia.co.uk/mm/subscribers/downloads/archive_mm/mmagpast/RealityTV.html
[53] Ibid
[54] Ibid
[55] http://revisionworld.co.uk/a2-level-level-revision/sociology/mass-media-0/media-representations-age-social-class-ethnicity-gender-sexuality-and-disability
[56] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Bentley
[57] Biressi A
and Nunn H. (2005) PG 35
[58] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_American_Family
[59] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LaUWsE0EBp4
[60] http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/05/the-recession-hits-reality-tv/238490/
[61] Ibid
[62] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7872154.stm
[63] http://www.examiner.com/article/kim-kardashian-s-political-aspirations-exposed-fact-and-fiction-collide
[64] Ibid
[65] Ibid
[66] Ibid
[67] http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/126674/Kim-Kardashian-Refusing-To-End-Relationship-With-Paparazzi-Despite-Kanye-Wests-Hatred
[68] http://www.dailyherald.com/article/20111103/news/711039954/